ORIGINAL_ARTICLEIntegrating augmented reality (AR) into engineering education can enhance the learning experience for complex concepts. This study presents an AR application’s engineering process and prototype for the Zittau Flow Tray using (ZFT) Microsoft HoloLens 2 and Unity 3D. The application provides information on sump recirculation operations after a loss-ofcoolant- accident in pressurized water reactors. Key features include interactive 3D models, flow simulations, and dynamic information overlays. Initial testing validated the application's core functionalities, though challenges such as user positioning accuracy and real-time data integration remain. Future enhancements will focus on refining these aspects and broadening the application’s usability across various AR platforms.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2025_1_01.pdf2025-06-3011510.2478/acc-2025-0001Industry 5.0Human-computer interactionEngineering educationNuclear safetyLoss-ofcoolant accidentPressurized water reactor.Juan A. GonzálezMoralesa01252106@tec.mx1Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Engineering and ScienceAUTHORJorge ValleGarcíaa00571775@tec.mx2Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Engineering and ScienceAUTHORFabianLindnerfabian.lindner@hszg.de3Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business Administration and Engineering, SCO-TTi LabsAUTHORFrankZachariasf.zacharias@hszg.de4Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Process Technology, Process Automation and Measurement Technology (IPM), Nuclear Technology/Soft Computing DepartmentAUTHORAndréSeeligera.seeliger@hszg.de5Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Process Technology, Process Automation and Measurement Technology (IPM), Nuclear Technology/Soft Computing DepartmentAUTHOREgger, J., & Masood, T. (2020). Augmented reality in support of intelligent manufacturing – A systematic literature review. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 140.110.1016/j.cie.2019.106195Fang, W., Zhang, T., Chen, L., & Hu, H. (2025). A survey on HoloLens AR in support of human-centric intelligent manufacturing. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 36, 35– 59.210.1007/s10845-023-02247-5Harm, U., Kryk, H., Hampel, U., Kästner, W., Alt, S. & Seeliger, A. (2022). Lab Scale Experimental Studies for Modeling Possible Zinc Removal Efforts in LOCA Situations. In Proceedings of 19th International Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH 19), Brussels, Belgium3Harm, U., Kryk, H. & Hampel, U. (2023). Flow-dependent zinc corrosion in boric acidcontaining electrolytes. Materials and Corrosion, 74(2), 277–284.410.1002/maco.202213341Kästner, W., Alt, S., Seeliger, A., Zacharias, F., Harm, U., Illgen, R., Hampel, U. & Kryk, H. (2020): Modelling thermal-hydraulic effects of zinc borate deposits in the PWR core after LOCA – Experimental strategies and test facilities. atw International Journal for Nuclear Power, 65(6/7), 341–345. ISSN 1431-5254.5Kästner, W., Seeliger, A., Alt, S., Förster, T., Gocht, U. & Zacharias, F. (2023). ATHLET module “Zink Borate” (AZora) – Generic thermohydraulic and physicochemical analyses for the implementation of an ATHLET module for the simulation of thermohydraulic effects of zinc borate deposits in the PWR core. Final Report, Reactor Safety Research-Project No. 150 1585A.6Krepper, E., Cartland-Glover, G., Grahn, A., Weiss, F.-P., Alt, S., Hampel, R., Kästner, W., Kratzsch, A., & Seeliger, A. (2008). Numerical and experimental investigations for insulation particle transport phenomena in water flow. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 35(8), 1564–1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2008.01.0017Kryk, H., Hoffmann, W., Kästner, W., Alt, S., Seeliger, A., & Renger, S. (2014). Zinc corrosion after loss-of-coolant accidents in pressurized water reactors – Physicochemical effects. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 280, 570–578.810.1016/j.nucengdes.2014.09.010Lindner, F., Reiner, G., & Keil, S. (2025). A behavioral perspective on visualization in manufacturing and operations management: A review, framework, and research agenda. Operations Management Research, 18, 317–352.910.1007/s12063-024- 00534-9Milgram, P., Takemura, H., Utsumi, A., & Kishino, F. (1995). Augmented reality: A class of displays on the reality-virtuality continuum. In H. Das (Ed.), Proceedings Volume 2351, Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies. (pp. 282–292). SPIE.1010.1117/12.197321Mühlan, K., Przybysz, K. A., Lindner, F., Akrmanová, D., Winkler, D., & Keil, S. (2021). A Review and Implementation Framework of Industrial Augmented Reality. In 2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). (pp. 1–4). IEEE.1110.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613426Nor, A. A. M., Kassim, M., Minhat, M. S., Ya’acob, N., Azmi, I. N., & Hajar, I. (2024). 3D Augmented Reality on Nuclear Plant Water Coolant Process in RTP Malaysia. In 2024 4th International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME). (pp. 1–6). Male, Maldives.1210.1109/ICECCME62383.2024.10796400O’Regan, G. (2022). Concise Guide to Software Engineering. Springer.1310.1007/978-3-031-07816-3Popov, O., Iatsyshyn, A., Sokolov, D., Dement, M., Neklonskyi, I., & Yelizarov, A. (2021). Application of Virtual and Augmented Reality at Nuclear Power Plants. In A. Zaporozhets & V. Artemchuk (Eds.), Systems, Decision and Control in Energy II. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control (SSDC, volume 346). (pp. 243–260). Springer.1410.1007/978-3-030-69189-9_14Porter, M. E., & Heppelmann, J. E. (2017). Why Every Organization Needs an Augmented Reality Strategy. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2017/11/why-everyorganization- needs-an-augmented-reality-strategy15Renger, S., Alt, S., Gocht, U., Kästner, W., Seeliger, A., Kryk, H., & Harm, U. (2018). Multiscaled Experimental Investigations of Corrosion and Precipitation Processes After Loss-of-Coolant Accidents in Pressurized Water Reactors. Nuclear Technology, 205(1- 2), 248–261.1610.1080/00295450.2018.1499324Satu, P., Jari, L., Hanna, K., Tomi, P., Marja, L., & Tuisku-Tuuli, S. (2024). Virtual-Reality training solutions for nuclear power plant field operators: A scoping review. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 169.1710.1016/j.pnucene.2024.105104Tuli, N., Singh, G., Mantri, A., & Sharma, S. (2022). Augmented reality learning environment to aid engineering students in performing practical laboratory experiments in electronics engineering. Smart Learning Environments, 9, 1–20.1810.1186/s40561- 022-00207-9Vásquez-Carbonell, M. (2022). A Systematic Literature Review of Augmented Reality in Engineering Education: Hardware, Software, Student Motivation & Development Recommendations. Digital Education Review, 2022(41), 249–267.1910.1344/der.2022.41.249-267Winkler, D., Lindner, F., Mühlan, K., Przybysz, K. A., & Keil, S. (2022). Informationstechnologien der Zukunft – Video- und Augmented-Reality-basierte Montageanleitungen für die technische Bildung. In 15. Ingenieurpädagogische Jahrestagung 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362125362_Informationstechnologien_der_Zu kunft_-_Video-_und_Augmented-Realitybasierte_ Montageanleitungen_fur_die_technische_Bildung20Yim, H. B., & Seong, P. H. (2010). Heuristic guidelines and experimental evaluation of effective augmented-reality based instructions for maintenance in nuclear power plants. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 240(12), 4096–4102.2110.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.08.023

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe article presents the development of an animated multimedia presentation for a prototype of a measuring system designed for radiation monitoring of transport and storage containers for radioactive waste. The 3D model of the container was created using the Autodesk Maya software package, utilizing polygonal geometry for modeling. Maya’s FX subsystem was employed to simulate both radiation and the movement of the ropes. Post-production was carried out using the CapCut video editor. The final animation will be used for public relations purposes by IPM and to support the next phase of the joint project: “Development and testing of methods for the non-invasive analysis of the inventory status of transport and storage containers during extended interim storage”.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2025_1_02.pdf2025-06-30163110.2478/acc-2025-00023D modeling3D visualizationNuclear waste storageMobile measurement systemTechnical animationDobrilaGrujikjdobrila.grujikj@students.finki.ukim.mk1Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Computer Science and EngineeringAUTHORBobanJoksimoskiboban.joksimoski@finki.ukim.mk2Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Computer Science and EngineeringAUTHORSebastianReinickes.reinicke@hszg.de3Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Process Technology, Process Automation and Measurement Technology (IPM)AUTHORDanielFißd.fiss@hszg.de4Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Process Technology, Process Automation and Measurement Technology (IPM)AUTHORAlexanderKratzscha.kratzsch@hszg.de5Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Process Technology, Process Automation and Measurement Technology (IPM)AUTHOR3DMarkAA. (2023). Better Ropes in Maya 2023. [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yziFiKGb2KA1Academic Phoenix Plus. (2019). Intro to Particles in Maya 2019: Blobbies. [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3z4o5G3Q-q42aseeliger. (2024). Nichtinvasive Analyse des Inventarzustandes für Transport- und Lagerbehälter / DCS-Monitor II. [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ssc8Djk5yM3Autodesk (2025a). Key features of 3ds Max. Autodesk Inc. https://www.autodesk.com/products/3ds-max/features4Autodesk (2025b). Autodesk Inventor: 3D modeling software for designers and engineers. Autodesk Inc. https://www.autodesk.com/products/inventor/overview5Autodesk (2025c). Maya Help. Keyframe Animation. Autodesk Inc. https://help.autodesk.com/view/MAYAUL/2025/ENU/?guid=GUID-66ED4510-CC1B- 4E11-918B-B7DC447E38A76Autodesk. (2025d). Maya Help. Types of rendering. Autodesk Inc. https://help.autodesk.com/view/MAYAUL/2024/ENU/?guid=GUID-3D01856B-81B6- 4DFE-8070-C151C5A0D4DD7Autodesk. (2025e). Maya. 3D computer animation, modeling, simulation, and rendering software. Autodesk Inc. https://www.autodesk.com/uk/testing/products/anne/overview8Blender Foundation. (2025). Blender 4.4. https://www.blender.org/9EWN. (2020). Castoren bei EWN. https://www.ewngmbh. de/fileadmin/user_upload/EWN/Projekte/ESTRAL/Dokumente/Castoren_bei_E WN_Web.pdf10Gartz, R., Größler, A., John, R., Diersch, R., & Němec, P. (1998). Castor transport and storage casks for VVER and RBMK fuel assemblies. In Packaging and transportation of radioactive materials. (pp. 516–523). Societe Francaise d’Energie Nucleaire SFEN. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/patram_proceedings/1998/516.PDF11GNS. (2025). CASTOR® 440/84 mvK. https://www.gns.de/en/casks-containersequipment/ spent-fuel-hlw/further-casks/castor-44084-mvk/12Goldfinger, S., Lipson, H., & Blutinger, J. (2024). Dynamic simulation of 3D-printed foods. Future Foods, 9, 1–3.1310.1016/j.fufo.2024.100375Guo, J., Guo, Q., Feng, M., Liu, S., Li, W., Chen, Y., & Zou, J. (2023). The use of 3D video in medical education: A scoping review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 10(3), 414–421.1410.1016/j.ijnss.2023.06.006Jasmin, N. H., Idris, W. M. R. W., Hilmi, N. A. M., Zulkifli, M. I., Roslan, N. A., & Azhar, S. N. A. M. (2024). 415 - Interactive 3D Models and Animations for Cardiac Imaging Education. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 55(3).1510.1016/j.jmir.2024.101547Kratzsch, A., & Reinicke, S. (2024). DCS-Monitor II / Behälterüberwachung. Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz. https://www.fis.hszg.de/1054.html16Li, G., Yang, Y., Li, Z., & Fan, J. (2022). Design of Teaching System of Industrial Robots Using Mixed Reality Technology. Computers, Materials and Continua, 73(1), 1317– 1327.1710.32604/cmc.2022.027652Maxon. (2025). Cinema 4D. Maxon Computer GmbH. https://www.maxon.net/en/cinema-4d18MH Tutorials. (2015). Maya 2016 tutorial: How to create moving, suspended ropes, cables etc. [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-jJXxsR2j019Nekki. (2025). Cascadeur. Nekki Limited. https://cascadeur.com/20Rao, N. (2025). How to Make a 3D Animation: Getting Started. [Blog]. https://www.cgspectrum.com/blog/how-to-make-3d-animation21Riggi, M., Torrez, R. M., & Iwasa, J. H. (2024). 3D animation as a tool for integrative modeling of dynamic molecular mechanisms. Structure, 32(2), 122–130.2210.1016/j.str.2023.12.007SideFX. (2025). Houdini FX Features. https://www.sidefx.com/products/houdini/fx-features23Sir Wade Neistadt. (2018). Lighting and Rendering Shots for Demo Reels. [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtTrCT8WPDs24Stephan, M., Reinicke, S., Kratzsch, A., Wagner, M., Kobelt, S., & Hampel, U. (2021). Developing a radiation field-based monitoring system for the transport and storage cask inventory during extended interim storage. Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal, 1, 11–12.2510.5194/sand-1-11-2021Unity. (2025). Unity Real-Time Development Platform. Unity Technologies. https://unity.com26Yang, X. (2024). 3D Animation Production and Design Based on Digital Media Technology. Procedia Computer Science, 247, 1207–1214.2710.1016/j.procs.2024.10.145

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe article follows an extensive investigation of individual variants of Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) in distribution logistics. The paper aims to use the existing research and the developed VRP classification to design a new concept of decision tool. The research methods are analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, and expert interviews. The tool will be able to provide quick information to the professional public and users without prior knowledge based on a created and easily accessible decision-making environment. In this article, user-flexible and fully or partially free options including the structure of concept of decision tool are presented. They will enable developers to prepare an efficient solution that guides the user through the VRP database using the form.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2025_1_03.pdf2025-06-30324710.2478/acc-2025-0003ClassificationVehicle routing problemDecision-making environmentData filteringKvětaPapouškovákvetapapouskova@gmail.com1University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Faculty of Economics, Department of Economics and Quantitative MethodsAUTHORAckerman, S., Farchi, E., Katan, R., & Raz, O. (2024). Using Combinatorial Optimization to Design a High Quality LLM Solution. arXiv preprint.110.48550/arXiv.2405.13020Bai, R., Chen, X., Chen, Z.-L., Cui, T., Gong, S., He, W., ... & Zhang, H. (2023). Analytics and machine learning in vehicle routing research. International Journal of Production Research, 61(1), 4–30.210.48550/arXiv.2102.10012Benítez-Hidalgo, A., Nebro, A. J., García-Nieto, J., Oregi, I., & Del Ser, J. (2019). jMetalPy: A Python framework for multi-objective optimization with metaheuristics. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 51.310.1016/j.swevo.2019.100598Braekers, K., Ramaekers, K., & Van Nieuwenhuyse, I. (2016). The vehicle routing problem: State of the art classification and review. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 99, 300– 313.410.1016/j.cie.2015.12.007Canoy, R., Bucarey, V., Mandi, J., & Guns, T. (2023). Learn and route: learning implicit preferences for vehicle routing. Constraints, 28, 363–396.510.1007/s10601-023-09363-2Chen, W., Men, Y., Fuster, N., Osorio, C., & Juan, A. A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Logistics Optimization with Sustainable Criteria: A Review. Sustainability, 16(21).610.3390/su16219145Cherif-Khettaf, W. R., Rachid, M. H., Bloch, C., & Chatonnay, P. (2015). New Notation and Classification Scheme for Vehicle Routing Problems. RAIRO - Operations Research, 49(1), 161–194.710.1051/ro/2014030Chilimoniuk, J. et al, Grzesiak, K., Kała, J., Nowakowski, D., Krętowski, A., Kolenda, R., Ciborowski, M., & Burdukiewicz, M. (2024). imputomics: web server and R package for missing values imputation in metabolomics data. Bioinformatics, 40(3).810.1093/bioinformatics/btae098Chin, S. J. K., Winkenbach, M., & Srivastava, A. (2024). Learning to Deliver: A Foundation Model for the Montreal Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem. arXiv preprint.910.48550/arXiv.2403.00026Dehghani, M. H., & Kolahdouz-Rahimi, S. (2019, October). An Automatic Generation of Android Application for WooCommerce. In 2019 9th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE). (pp. 194–200). IEEE.1010.1109/ICCKE48569.2019.8964732Eksioglu, B., Vural, A. V., & Reisman, A. (2009). The vehicle routing problem: A taxonomic review. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 57(4), 1472–1483.1110.1016/j.cie.2009.05.009Farizal, F., Rachman, A., & Krisnantio, Y. W. (2023). Time Windows routing optimization for logistic service provider industry. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2727(1).1210.1016/j.cor.2007.01.007Gutiérrez-Sánchez, A., & Rocha-Medina, L. B. (2022). VRP variants applicable to collecting donations and similar problems: A taxonomic review. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 164.1310.1016/j.cie.2021.107887Jablonský, J. (2014). MS Excel based Software Support Tools for Decision Problems with Multiple Criteria. Procedia Economics and Finance, 12, 251–258.1410.1016/S2212-5671(14)00342-6Jena, A. (2024). How to Overcome the Vehicle Routing Problem with AI? Kanerika. https://kanerika.com/blogs/vehicle-routing-problem/15Jin, Y., Xu, C., Lin, T., Li, W., & Zeghlache, M. L. (2023). Python Dash for Well Data Validation, Visualization, and Pro. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts.1610.30632/PJV64N4-2023a6Jubé, D. D. A., Wermelinger, C. C., Van Erven, R. C. G. S.’A., De Souza, F. N. B., & Ishikawa, E. (2023). Optimization of vehicle routing in the distribution of electronic voting machines for elections. In 2023 18th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). (pp. 1–6). IEEE.1710.1002/ep.12786Kant, G., Jacks, M., & Aantjes, C. (2008). Coca-Cola Enterprises Optimizes Vehicle Routes for Efficient Product Delivery. Interfaces, 38(1), 1-88.1810.1287/inte.1070.0331Klabusayová, N. (2013). Support of Logistic Processes in Modern Retail Chain Warehouse. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 309, 274–279.1910.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.309.274Koguma, Y. (2024). Tabu Search-Based Heuristic Solver for General Integer Linear Programming Problems. IEEE Access, 12, 19059–190762010.1109/ACCESS.2024.3361323Min, H., Jayaraman, V., & Srivastava, R. (1998). Combined location-routing problems: A synthesis and future research directions. European Journal of Operational Research, 108(1), 1–15.2110.1016/S0377-2217(97)00172-0O’Riordan, M., Beiser, J., Maddox, J., O’Riordan, S., & Searcy, R. (2023). It’s All on the Table: Case Studies on Improved Workflow Management Using Airtable. Journal of Archival Organization, 20(1-4), 12–54.2210.1080/15332748.2024.2318177Plevný, M. (2013). Vehicle routing problem with a private fleet and common carriers—the variety with a possibility of sharing the satisfaction of demand. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Economics. (pp. 730–736). ISBN 978-80-87035-76-4.23Psaraftis, H. N. (1995). Dynamic vehicle routing: Status and prospects. Annals of Operations Research, 61, 143–164.2410.1007/BF02098286Puri, K. (2023). What is Vehicle Routing Problem? How to Solve VRP with Routing Software. FarEye. https://fareye.com/resources/blogs/vehicle-routing-problem-how-to-solve-it25Salas, E., Rosen, M. A., & DiazGranados, D. (2010). Expertise-based intuition and decision making in organizations. Journal of Management, 36(4), 941–973.2610.1177/0149206309350084Sun, Q., Zhang, H., & Dang, J. (2022). Two-Stage Vehicle Routing Optimization for Logistics Distribution Based on HSA-HGBS Algorithm. IEEE Access, 10, 99646– 99660. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/989313527Škabić, B., Krelja Kurelović, E., & Tomljanović, J. (2018). Usporedba sustava za upravljanje voznim parkom. Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci, 6(1), 357–370.2810.31784/zvr.6.1.27Stančić, N., Kovačević, J., Cvijetinović, Ž., Brodić, N., & Mihajlović, D. (2023). Solving the Vehicle Routing Problem In the Open-Source Software ‘ODL Studio’. https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/3039/p2.pdf29Tan, S.-Y., & Yeh, W.-C. (2021). The Vehicle Routing Problem: State-of-the-Art Classification and Review. Applied Sciences, 11(21).3010.3390/app112110295Tupayachi, J. et al. (2024). Towards Next-Generation Urban Decision Support Systems through AI-Powered Construction of Scientific Ontology Using Large Language Models—A Case in Optimizing Intermodal Freight Transportation. Smart Cities, 7(5), 2392–2421.3110.3390/smartcities7050094Vidal, T., Crainic, T. G., Gendreau, M., & Prins, C. (2013). Heuristics for multi-attribute vehicle routing problems: A survey and synthesis. European Journal of Operational Research, 231(1), 1–21.3210.1016/j.ejor.2013.02.053Wickham, H., & Grolemund, G. (2023). R for data science. O’Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1- 491-91039-9.33Yulianto, B., Setiono, Setiawan, A. B., & Putra, D. R. W. (2018). Analysis of signalized intersection performance using IHCM 1997 method and PTV Vistro software. In MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 195. EDP Sciences.3410.1051/matecconf/201819504012

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThis article outlines the process of streamlining existing methods for conceptualizing and planning district heating networks (DHNs) by designing an integrated workflow. Existing solutions are often fragmented or lack accessibility and transparency. In this article, an integrated methodological approach combines Geographic Information System (GIS) supported spatial analysis of heat demands and potentials, generation and simulation of heating networks, and heat generator dimensioning within a unified workflow. The methodology is validated through case studies and aims to enable transparent and reproducible planning of sustainable heating networks. The developed approaches are the result of a preliminary research project funded by the Saxon State Ministry of Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK) and they are implemented in the open-source software DistrictHeatingSim, which is publicly available on GitHub.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2025_1_04.pdf2025-06-30486310.2478/acc-2025-0004District heatingHeat-supplyGISOptimizationSimulationPandapipesJonasPfeifferjonas.pfeiffer@hszg.de1Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Energy Systems TechnologyAUTHORMatthiasKunickm.kunick@hszg.de2Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Energy Systems TechnologyAUTHORAgafonkin, V. (2025). Leaflet – an open-source JavaScript library for mobile-friendly interactive maps. https://leafletjs.com/1Banze, T., & Kneiske, T. M. (2024). Open data for energy networks: introducing DAVE—a data fusion tool for automated network generation. Scientific Reports, 14.210.1038/s41598-024-52199-wBAFA. (2025). Plattform für Abwärme. Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle. https://www.bfeeonline. de/BfEE/DE/Effizienzpolitik/Plattform_fuer_Abwaerme/plattform_fuer_abwaer me_node.html3BDEW. (2024). BDEW/VKU/GEODE-Leitfaden Abwicklung von Standardlastprofilen Gas. Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e. V. https://www.bdew.de/media/documents/20240322_LF_SLP_Gas_KoV_XIV_final_clea n.pdf4Büttner, C., Amme, J., Endres, J., Malla, A., Schachler, B., & Cußmann, I. (2022). Open modeling of electricity and heat demand curves for all residential buildings in Germany. Energy Informatics, 5(Suppl 1).510.1186/s42162-022-00201-yDWD. (2025). Testreferenzjahre (TRY). Deutscher Wetterdienst. https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/testreferenzjahre/testreferenzjahre.html6Edgar. (2025). Schnell zukunftsfähige Energiesysteme planen und optimieren. FI Freiberg Institut für Energie- und Klimaökonomie GmbH. https://go-edgar.de/7ETRS89. (2008). European Terrestrial Reference System 89. https://web.archive.org/web/20090307095956/http://etrs89.ensg.ign.fr/en/8EU Science Hub. (2025). Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). The Joint Research Centre: EU Science Hub. https://joint-researchcentre. ec.europa.eu/photovoltaic-geographical-information-system-pvgis_en9Fischer, D., Wolf, T., Scherer, J., & Wille-Haussmann, B. (2016). A stochastic bottom-up model for space heating and domestic hot water load profiles for German households. Energy and Buildings, 124, 120–128.1010.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.069Fonseca, J. et al. (2025). CityEnergyAnalyst v3.39.2. [Computer software]. Zenodo.1110.5281/zenodo.14617664Fuchs, M., & Müller, D. (2017). Automated Design and Model Generation for a District Heating Network from OpenStreetMap Data. In Proceedings of Building Simulation 2017: 15th Conference of IBPSA. (pp. 2050–2059)1210.26868/25222708.2017.562GeoJSON. (2016). GeoJSON. https://geojson.org/13Gonzalez-Castellanos, A., Thakurta, P. G., & Bischi, A. (2018). Flexible unit commitment of a network-constrained combined heat and power system. arXiv preprint.1410.48550/arXiv.1809.09508GreenDelta. (2025). Sophena. [Computer software]. GreenDelta GmbH. https://github.com/GreenDelta/Sophena/15Herling, M., Kittan, T., Goikoetxea, I., & Kratzsch, A. (2022). EnSySim – THERESAnext: Simulationsumgebung zur Entwicklung Intelligenter Betriebsalgorithmen für Sektorkoppelnde Speicher. IPM. https://ipm.hszg.de/fileadmin/NEU/Redaktion- IPM/Dokumente/Poster/MTPA_202210_TheresaNext_EnSySim.pdf16Hilpert, S., Kaldemeyer, C., Krien, U., Günther, S., Wingenbach, C., & Plessmann, G. (2018). The Open Energy Modelling Framework (oemof) - A new approach to facilitate open science in energy system modelling. Energy Strategy Reviews, 22, 16–25.1710.1016/j.esr.2018.07.001Hoffmann, S. (2025). Nominatim: Open Source search based on OpenStreetMap data. [Computer software]. https://github.com/osm-search/Nominatim/18Höffner, D., & Glombik, S. (2024). Energy system planning and analysis software—A comprehensive meta-review with special attention to urban energy systems and district heating. Energy, 307.1910.1016/j.energy.2024.132542Howells, M., Rogner, H., Strachan, N., Heaps, C., Huntington, H., Kypreos, S., Hughes, A., Silveira, S., DeCarolis, J., Bazillian, M., & Roehrl, A. (2011). OSeMOSYS: The Open Source Energy Modeling System: An introduction to its ethos, structure and development. Energy Policy, 39(10), 5850–5870.2010.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.033Iqony EBSILON. (2025). EBSILON® Professional. Iqony Solutions GmbH. https://www.ebsilon.com/de/21KEA-BW. (2024). Unterlagen zu Vergabe und Betrieb sowie Technikkatalog. KEA-BW Klimaschutz- und Energieagentur Baden-Württemberg GmbH. https://www.keabw. de/waermewende/angebote/downloads22Kumpf, L. (2016). Entwicklung von Referenzlastprofilen für Schulen und Kitas anhand von Realdaten. [Masterarbeit, Technische Universität Darmstadt]. https://energiemanagement.stadt-frankfurt.de/Service/Dokumente/Entwicklung-von- Referenzlastprofilen-fuer-Schulen-und-Kitas.pdf23Lohmeier, D., Cronbach, D., Drauz, S. R., Braun, M., & Kneiske, T. M. (2020). Pandapipes: An Open-Source Piping Grid Calculation Package for Multi-Energy Grid Simulations. Sustainability, 12(23).2410.3390/su12239899Lombardi, F., Balderrama, S., Quoilin, S., & Colombo, E. (2019). Generating high-resolution multi-energy load profiles for remote areas with an open-source stochastic model. Energy, 177, 433–444.2510.1016/j.energy.2019.04.097Lund, H., Thellufsen, J. Z., Østergaard, P. A., Sorknæs, P., Skov, I. R., & Mathiesen, B. V. (2021). EnergyPLAN – Advanced analysis of smart energy systems. Smart Energy, 1.2610.1016/j.segy.2021.100007OpenStreetMap. (2025). OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org27Panitz, F., Behrends, T., & Stange, P. (2022). Software-supported Investment Optimization for District Heating Supply Systems. In Proceedings of EuroSun 2022 - ISES and IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Energy for Buildings and Industry.2810.18086/eurosun.2022.04.07Pfeiffer, J. (2025). DistrictHeatingSim. [Computer software]. https://github.com/JonasPfeiffer123/DistrictHeatingSim29Peere, W., & Blanke, T. (2022). GHEtool: An open-source tool for borefield sizing inPython. Journal of Open Source Software, 7(76), 1–4.3010.21105/joss.04406Python GUIs. (2025). The complete PyQt5 tutorial. https://www.pythonguis.com/pyqt5- tutorial31SAENA. (2025). Energieportal Sachsen - Themenkarten und Infos. https://www.energieportal-sachsen.de/32Sachsen. (2025). Geothermieatlas Sachsen. https://www.geologie.sachsen.de/geothermieatlas- 13914.html33Solites. (2017). ScenocCalc Fernwärme. https://www.scfw.de34Sollich, M., Wack, Y., Salenbien, R., & Blommaert, M. (2025). Decarbonization of existing heating networks through optimal producer retrofit and low-temperature operation. Applied Energy, 378(Part A).3510.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124796Sporleder, M. (2024). Design optimization of decarbonized district heating systems. [Dissertation, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg].3610.26127/BTUOPEN-6852Sporleder, M., Rath, M., & Ragwitz, M. (2022). Design optimization of district heating systems: A review. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10.3710.3389/fenrg.2022.971912STANET. (2016). STANET®. [Computer software]. Fischer-Uhrig Engineering GmbH. https://www.stafu.de38TOP-Energy. (2025). TOP-Energy®. [Computer software]. https://www.top-energy.de39VDI. (2025). VDI Standards. https://www.vdi.de/en/home/vdi-standards40VICUS Software. (2025). VICUS Districts. [Computer software]. VICUS Software GmbH. https://vicus-software.com/warmenetzplanung-vicus-districts/41Vieth, J., Westphal, J., & Speerforck, A. (2025). A GIS-based Co-Planning Approach for District Heating Networks. Energy Proceedings, 50, 1–10.4210.46855/energy-proceedings-11423Wirtz, M. (2023). nPro: A web-based planning tool for designing district energy systems and thermal networks. Energy, 268.4310.1016/j.energy.2022.126575Wirtz, M., Kivilip, L., Remmen, P., & Müller, D. (2020). 5th Generation District Heating: A novel design approach based on mathematical optimization. Applied Energy, 260.4410.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114158

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEAlthough Eucalyptus was introduced to support Ethiopia’s timber production forestry, various barriers hinder its use as an alternative to imported wood. This article’s primary aim is to identify key challenges in eucalyptus timber utilization and propose strategies for improvement based on the literature review. The finding indicated technological, economic, social, and policy-related barriers. Secondary data were collected by reviewing scholarly sources from November 2024 to January 2025. Keywords were used to search in Scopus and Web of Science scientific databases and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Findings show that the identified challenges limit the utilization of eucalyptus timber. To enhance sustainability, stakeholders should advance wood processing technologies and implement supportive policies and financial incentives.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2025_1_05.pdf2025-06-30648010.2478/acc-2025-0005Forest productChallengesApproachesDemandWood industriesEthiopiaRusha BegnaWakweyarushabegna@gmail.com1Technology Evaluation and Extension Project Coordinator, Ethiopian Forestry Development, Policy and Socioeconomics ProgrammeAUTHORAlemayehu, A., & Melka, Y. (2022). Small scale eucalyptus cultivation and its socioeconomic impacts in Ethiopia: A review of practices and conditions. Trees, Forests and People, 8, 100269, 1–12.110.1016/j.tfp.2022.100269Alemu, M. M. (2016). Eucalyptus Tree Production in Wolayita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia. Open Access Library Journal, 3(12), 1–10.210.4236/oalib.1103280Amer, M., Kabouchi, B., Rahouti, M., & Famiri, A. (2022). Experimental Study of Physical Properties and Impact Bending Strength of Clonal Eucalyptus Wood. International Journal of Thermophysics, 43(11), 163.310.1007/s10765-022-03087-wBahru, T., Eshete, N., & Woldemariam, Z. (2023). Effect of spacing on survival and growth performance of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden at Holeta Research Site, Central Ethiopia. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2023(1), 9957776, 1–12.410.1155/2023/9957776Barua, S. K., Lehtonen, P., & Pahkasalo, T. (2014). Plantation vision: potentials, challenges and policy options for global industrial forest plantation development. International Forestry Review, 16(2), 117–127.510.1505/146554814811724801Batra, G. (2023). Renewable energy economics: achieving harmony between environmental protection and economic goals. Social Science Chronicle, 3(1), 1–32.610.56106/ssc.2023.009Bayle, G. (2019). Ecological and social impacts of eucalyptus tree plantation on the environment. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management, 5(1), 93–104.710.3329/jbcbm.v5i1.42189Bazzana, D., Gilioli, G., Simane, B., & Zaitchik, B. (2020). Analyzing constraints in the water-energy-food nexus: The case of eucalyptus plantation in Ethiopia. Ecological Economics, 180, 1–15.810.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106875Belachew, A. Negassa, A., Hinde, O., & Girmay, E. (2023). Analyzing the Supply Potential and Demand for Wood Products in Ethiopia: A Review. Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI), 4, 117–125.910.47540/ijsei.v4i2.854Belachew, K., & Minale, W. (2025). Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Eucalyptus Plantations in Ethiopia: An Evaluation of Benefits, Challenges, and Sustainable Practices. The Scientific World Journal, 1780293, 1–9.1010.1155/tswj/1780293Birhanu, S., & Kumsa, F. (2018). Review on Expansion of Eucalyptus, its Economic Value and Related Environmental Issues in Ethiopia. International Journal of Research in Environmental Science, 4(3), 41-46. https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijres/v4-i3/5.pdf11arias Vega, D., & Page, T. (2023). Conditions that Enable Successful Participation of Smallholder Tree Growers in Timber Value Chains. Small-scale Forestry, 22(3), 457– 479.1210.1007/s11842-023-09539-xCao, Y., Li, X., Liu, L., Xie, G., Lai, M., & Gao, J. (2023). Increased dimensional stability of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla ‘GLGU9’ wood through palm oil thermal treatment. BioResources, 18(2), 3471–3478.1310.15376/biores.18.2.3471- 3478Daba, M. (2016). The Eucalyptus Dilemma: The Pursuit for socio-economic benefit versus environmental impacts of Eucalyptus in Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 6(19), 127–137. https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JNSR/article/view/3377714de Carvalho Balieiro, F., de Moraes, L. F. D., Prado, R. B., de Moura, C. J. R., Santos, F. M., & Araujo Pereira, A. P. d. (2020). Ecosystem services in Eucalyptus planted forests and mixed and multifunctional planted forests. Mixed plantations of Eucalyptus and leguminous trees: soil, microbiology and ecosystem services. In E. Bran Nogueira Cardoso, J. Gonçalves, F. Balieiro, A. Franco (Eds.), Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Leguminous Trees. (pp. 193–219). Springer, Cham.1510.1007/978-3- 030-32365-3_10Desalegn, G., Kelemwork, S., & Gebeyehu, D. (2015). Forest Products Utilization Research in Ethiopia: Highlights on Major Achievements and Contributions. Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute. ISBN 978-99944-972-1-8. https://www.academia.edu/67717625/Forest_Products_Utilization_Research_in_Ethiopi a_Highlights_on_Major_Achievements_and_Contributions16Dessie, A., Abate, T., & Mekie, T. (2019). Eucalyptus: The Popular Exotic Tree Crop in Ethiopia. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 3(9), 50–56.1710.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0607Dessie, G. (2011). Eucalyptus in East Africa: socio-economic and environmental issues. IWMI Working Papers, H043946, International Water Management Institute. https://ideas.repec.org/p/iwt/worppr/h043946.html18Dessie, G., & Erkossa, T. (2011). Eucalyptus in East Africa: Socio economic and environmental issues. Working Paper FP46/E. FAO, Rome, Italy. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/7fa64ac9-6a7e-45c2-a195-58da9b8372bf19Desta, T. T., Teklemariam, H., & Mulugeta, T. (2023). Insights of smallholder farmers on the trade-offs of eucalyptus plantation. Environmental Challenges, 10, 100663, 1–7.2010.1016/j.envc.2022.100663European Commission. (2025). Regulation on Deforestation-free Products. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestationfree- products_en21Famiri, A., Kabouchi, B., Hakam, A., & Gril, J. (2001). Sawing and growth stresses in green wood of eucalyptus E. grandis and E. gomphocephala. Forest Science, Bulgaria, 1(2), 45–50. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260714626_Sawing_and_growth_stresses_in_ green_wood_of_Eucalyptus_E_grandis_E_gomphocephala22FDRE. (2018). Forest Development, Conservation and Utilization Proclamation No. 1065/2018, p. 10068. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth182203.pdf23Gebretsadik, H., Gebrekidan, A., & Demlie, L. (2020). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using Eucalyptus Camaldulensis: An alternate low cost adsorbent. Cogent Chemistry, 6(1), 1720892, 1–16.2410.1080/23312009.2020.1720892Getahun, A. (2003). Eucalyptus Farming in Ethiopia: The Case for Eucalyptus Woodlots in the Amhara Region. In 2002 Bahir Dar Conference Proceedings, Ethiopian Society of Soil Science, BahirDar. (pp. 137–153). https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122600/records/64723f8708fd68d54600291625Ghani, R. S. M., & Lee, M. D. (2021). Challenges of wood modification process for plantation eucalyptus: A review of Australian setting. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 49(2), 191–209.2610.5658/WOOD.2021.49.2.191Gil, L., Tadesse, W., Tolosana, E., & López, R. (Eds.) (2010). Eucalyptus Species Management, History, Status and Trends in Ethiopia. UPM. ISBN 978-84-693-8769-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278673233_Eucalyptus_Species_Management _History_Status_and_Trends_in_Ethiopia27Girma, G., & Abate, T. (2021). The Status of Wood Products Supply and Demand in Ethiopia: A Review. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 15–23.2810.7176/JESD/12-1-03Gomes, D. G., Teixeira, J. A., & Domingues, L. (2021). Economic determinants on the implementation of a Eucalyptus wood biorefinery producing biofuels, energy and high added-value compounds. Applied Energy, 303, 117662, 1–14.2910.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117662Jaleta, D., Mbilinyi, B., Mahoo, H., & Lemenih, M. (2016). Eucalyptus expansion as relieving and provocative tree in Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 6(3), 1–12.3010.9734/JAERI/2016/22841Kaba, G. (2024). Review of the Properties, Acceptance, and Use of Eucalyptus as an Alternative Species in Ethiopia’s Wood Industries. Indonesian Journal of Innovation and Applied Sciences (IJIAS), 4(2), 188–1973110.47540/ijias.v4i2.1366Kaba, G., Bekele, T., & Limenih, L. (2018). Actual and potential industrial uses of Eucalyptus wood in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 7(6), 74–79.3210.9790/1813-0706017479Kaba, G., & Desalegn, G. (2020). Seasoning Characteristics and Potential uses of Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus viminalis and Trichilia dregeana lumber tree species. World News of Natural Sciences, 29(3), 162–178. https://www.worldnewsnaturalsciences.com/wpcontent/ uploads/2020/01/WNOFNS-293-2020-162-178-2.pdf33Kebbede, G. (2016). Environment and Society in Ethiopia. Routledge. ISBN 978- 1138324572.34Lahr, F. A. R., Nogueira, M. C., Araujo, V. A. D., Vasconcelos, J. S., & Christoforo, A. L. (2018). Wood utilization of Eucalyptus grandis in structural elements: densities and mechanical properties. Engenharia Agrícola, 38, 642–647.3510.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v38n5p642-647/2018Lee, S. H., Lum, W. C., Antov, P., Krišťák, Ľ., Lubis, M. A. R., & Fatriasari, W. (2024). Eucalyptus: Engineered Wood Products and Other Applications. Springer.3610.1007/978-981-99-7919-6Lee, S. H., Lum, W. C., Antov, P., Kristak, L., & M. Tahir, P. (2022). Engineering Wood Products from Eucalyptus spp.: A Review. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022, 8000780, 1–14.3710.1155/2022/8000780Lemenih, M., & Kassa, H. (2014). Re-Greening Ethiopia: History, Challenges and Lessons. Forests, 5(8), 1896–1909.3810.3390/f5081896Malakar, M. (2024). Eucalyptus spp.: A Wonder Tree. In A. C. Shulka, S. Facknath, D. Mandal, B. Montarini (Eds.), Advances in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. (Chapter 5).3910.1201/9781032686905MEFCC. (2017). Ethiopia Forest Sector Review. Technical Report. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. https://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/system/files/documents/Ethiopia%20FSR%20f inal.pdf40Muthuri, C. W., Kuyah, S., Njenga, M., Kuria, A., Öborn, I., & van Noordwijk, M. (2023). Agroforestry's contribution to livelihoods and carbon sequestration in East Africa: A systematic review. Trees, Forests and People, 14, 100432, 1–20.4110.1016/j.tfp.2023.100432Penín, L., López, M., Santos, V., Alonso, J. L., & Parajó, J. C. (2020). Technologies for Eucalyptus wood processing in the scope of biorefineries: A comprehensive review. Bioresource Technology, 311, 123528, 1–15.4210.1016/j.biortech.2020.123528Ping, L., & Xie, Z.-Q. (2009). Effects of introducing Eucalyptus on indigenous biodiversity. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 20(7), 1765–1774. ISSN 1001-9332. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19899483/43Pirard, R., Dal Secco, L., & Warman, R. (2016). Do timber plantations contribute to forest conservation? Environmental Science & Policy, 57, 122–130.4410.1016/j.envsci.2015.12.010Pirralho, M., Flores, D., Sousa, V. B., Quilhó, T., Knapic, S., & Pereira, H. (2014). Evaluation on paper making potential of nine Eucalyptus species based on wood anatomical features. Industrial Crops and Products, 54, 327–334.4510.1016/j.indcrop.2014.01.040Rajesh Kumar, M., & Rekha, A. (2024). Sustainable Forest Land Management to Restore Degraded Lands. In N. K. Surendra (Ed.), Sustainable Forest Management (pp. Ch. 2). IntechOpen. ISBN 978-0-85466-808-3.4610.5772/intechopen.1004793Rockwood, D. L., Rudie, A. W., Ralph, S. A., Zhu, J. Y., & Winandy, J. E. (2008). Energy product options for Eucalyptus species grown as short rotation woody crops. International journal of molecular sciences, 9(8), 1361–1378.4710.3390/ijms9081361Rode, J., Wittmer, H., Emerton, L., & Schröter-Schlaack, C. (2016). ‘Ecosystem service opportunities’: A practice-oriented framework for identifying economic instruments to enhance biodiversity and human livelihoods. Journal for Nature Conservation, 33, 35– 47.4810.1016/j.jnc.2016.07.001Rodriguez, L. C. E., Pasalodos-Tato, M., Diaz-Balteiro, L., & McTague, J. P. (2014). The importance of industrial forest plantations. In J. G. Borges, L. Diaz-Balteiro, M. E. McDill, L. C. E. Rodriguez (Eds.), The Management of Industrial Forest Plantations:Theoretical Foundationsand Applications. (pp. 3–26). ISBN 978-94-017- 8898-4.4910.1007/978-94-017-8899-1_1Sadegh, A. N. (2012). Variation of Basic Density in Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh wood grown in Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 11(10), 1472–1474.5010.1007/978-94-017-8899-1_1Schmidt, E., Dorosh, P. A., Kedir Jemal, M., & Smart, J. (2018). Ethiopia's spatial and structural transformation: Public policy and drivers of change. ESSP Working Paper 119. Washington, DC and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI).5110.2499/1046080775Skorupińska, E., Hitka, M., & Sydor, M. (2024). Surveying Quality Management Methodologies in Wooden Furniture Production. Systems, 12(2), 1–17.5210.3390/systems12020051Sori, G. K., Belachew, A., Negassa, A., Hinde, O., & Girmay, E. (2023). Analyzing the Supply Potential and Demand for Wood Products in Ethiopia: A Review. Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI), 4(2), 117–125.5310.47540/ijsei.v4i2.854Stendahl, M. (2009). Product Development in the Wood Industry. [Doctoral dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]. https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/1921/1/Kappan_Matti_Stendahl.pdf54Stock, T., Obenaus, M., Kunz, S., & Kohl, H. (2018). Industry 4.0 asenabler for a sustainable development: A qualitative assessment of its ecological and social potential. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 118, 254–267.5510.1016/j.psep.2018.06.026Tadele, D., & Teketay, D. (2014). Growth and yield of two grain crops on sites former covered with eucalypt plantations in Koga Watershed, northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Forestry Research, 25(4), 935–940.5610.1007/s11676-014-0483-9Tesfaw, A., Senbeta, F., Alemu, D., & Teferi, E. (2021). Value Chain Analysis of Eucalyptus Wood Products in the Blue Nile Highlands of Northwestern Ethiopia. Sustainability, 13(22), 12819, 1–25.5710.3390/su132212819Tesfaye, M. A., Gardi, O., Anbessa, T. B., & Blaser, J. (2020). Aboveground biomass, growth and yield for some selected introduced tree species, namely Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus saligna, and Pinus patula in Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 44(3), 1–18.5810.1186/s41610-019-0146-zUnited Nations. (2023). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023. https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-07/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals- Report-2023_0.pdf59Vasileios, F., Karastergiou, S., Philippou, J., & Mitani, A. (2017). Effect Of Drying Method, Lumber Quality And Lumber Thickness In The Appearence Of Drying Defects In Fir Lumber. In O. Ünsal, S. Korkut, N. As (Eds.), In Conference Proceedings from 13th IUFRO International Wood Drying Conference “Wood Drying in Developing Countries”. (pp. 154–162). International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Istanbul University. ISBN 978-605-07-0619-2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330969977_effect_of_drying_method_lumber _quality_and_lumber_thickness_in_the_appearence_of_drying_defects_in_fir_lumber60Waktole, S., Musa, M., Abara, L., Mezegebu, G., Wale, M., Wubeshet, T., & Tesfaye, A. (2024). Variation of Physical Properties of Eucalyptus globulus Grown in Ethiopia. Indonesian Journal of Innovation and Applied Sciences (IJIAS), 4(3), 198–207.6110.47540/ijias.v4i3.1372Wassie, S. B. (2020). Natural resource degradation tendencies in Ethiopia: a review. Environmental Systems Research, 9(33), 1–29.6210.1186/s40068-020- 00194-1World Bank. (2018). Ethiopia Economic Update: The Inescapable Manufacturing-Services Nexus. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2991963Yimam, A., Mekuriaw, A., Assefa, D., & Bewket, W. (2024). Impact of Eucalyptus plantations on ecosystem services in the Upper Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 22, 100393, 1–9.6410.1016/j.indic.2024.100393Zanuncio, A. J. V., Possato, E. L., Carvalho, A. G., Lopes, O. P., & de Castro, V. R. (2022). Basic density and scaling of juvenile and mature wood in Pinus caribaea trees. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 56(5-6), 473–479. ISSN 2457-9459. https://cellulosechemtechnol.ro/pdf/CCT5-6(2022)/p.473-479.pdf65Zegeye, H. (2010). Environmental and Socio-economic Implications of Eucalyptus in Ethiopia. In L. Gil, W. Tadesse, E. Tolosana, R. López (Eds.), Conference on Eucalyptus Species Management, History, Status and Trends in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. ISBN 978-84-693-8769-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260287131_Environmental_and_Socioeconomic_ Implications_of_Eucalyptus_in_Ethiopia66Zerga, B., Warkineh, B., Teketay, D., & Woldetsadik, M. (2021). The sustainability of reforesting landscapes with exotic species: a case study of eucalypts in Ethiopia. Sustainable Earth Reviews, 4(5), 1–11.6710.1186/s42055-021-00044-7