ORIGINAL_ARTICLESatisfaction of banking employees is the most important factor for creating satisfaction of banking clients through the higher level of the acceptance of their financial needs in business process. The acceptance of clients’ needs determines the level of their satisfaction that could possibly have a significant impact on the financial performance of the bank. In this article, the relationship between bank employees and employers and their relationship with the banking clients in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic has been evaluated. The aim of this article is to quantify satisfaction of banking employees and the acceptance of clients’ needs in Czech commercial banking and to compare the observed trends with the situation in Slovakia. Attitudes of bank employees have been investigated in a questionnaire survey and the obtained results have been verified by structured interviews.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_01.pdf2013-09-30617JaroslavBelás1AUTHORMarcelHolec2AUTHORLenkaBurianová3AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEFormation of a single market is one of the main priorities during the integration process of the European Union. For this purpose it was planned to unify tax rules throughout the entire Community. The main question of this paper is whether the European Union has been meeting the objective of single market. It focuses on a question whether the tax systems are converging in the context of fiscal pressure and tax mixes. Beta and Sigma convergences are used for meeting the goal of the paper. The results present the difficulty of tax harmonization and convergence at the field of tax quotas and tax mixes during the analysed period as well. Results also point out the fact of possible influence not by the EU integration but by world globalization.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_02.pdf2013-09-301828MonikaBušovská1AUTHORIvanaPetrovická2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThis paper is focused on the presentation and evaluation of various measures of skewness which are commonly included in statistical and economic-statistical books. It was found that they quite often provide antagonistic information and do not lead to explicit conclusions about skewness of a frequency distribution. The application of selected measures of skewness on real data was done and at the same time the simulations based on fictive data were carried out. We found that in the case when there is a classic relationship among three principal measures of central tendency x̂ < x̃ < x̄ (the mode < the median < the arithmetic mean) x̂ > x̃ > x̄, all the selected measures of skewness provide the same information about skewness of the frequency distribution. In other situations it is necessary to change the standard approach to a calculation of these measures.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_03.pdf2013-09-302939KateřinaGurinová1AUTHORValentová VladimíraHovorková2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe 21st century society together with its global market relies heavily on using information and communication technology and on employing e-commerce. Well established and regarded academic and practical opinion streams proclaim the heavy importance of e- commerce on current business. No doubt e-domiciliation has a technical significance. However, the impact of the verbal transcription of an e-address, a domain name, for e- commerce and its success is yet questionable. This issue requires interdisciplinary study and comparative analysis reflecting business reality, legal framework, behaviour patterns, consumer choices, national particularities and industry specifics. This paper researches and summarizes the underlying setting, concepts, functions, and attempts to analyze the features, role, and function of domain names from a Czech, European, and even global and super-temporal perspective and link it to the manner and success rate of e-commerce. Various surveys, data collection and case observations are linked to published opinions in order to be compared, contrasted and if possible reconciled. This leads to a number of conclusions reflecting the ultimate goal. This is to enhance awareness about differences in perception of various types of domains based on the origins of business and customers as well as involved industry branches. From both business and consumer perspectives, the recognition of the significance of domain names for e-commerce and the interaction between the business itself, its intellectual property portfolio, domain and domain name is on the rise.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_04.pdf2013-09-304052Domain nameTop Level Domain (TLD)Internete-CommercePelikánová RadkaMacGregor1AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEAfter a very short time of the “Golden Age of the Eurozone” hard times have arisen for European integration. They revealed cracks in the very foundations, and (until then) hidden thoughts and opinions of key players in the EU arena. Recent emotions and different levels of a sense of obligation to deal with current problems seem to divide instead of bring together the big DUO, the Eurozone’s traction force, and even the EU itself. It should be noted that European integration after the Second World War was a product of the combination of French and German ways of thinking. In 2013, it seems that this purpose-built duality is falling apart. The aim of this paper is to research and analyze several aspects and elements of the Franco- German polarity relationship to the Eurozone scenery. Observation and comparison leads to a number of surprising results, which are supported by the data.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_05.pdf2013-09-305363EurozoneCrisisIntegrationExportGDPRobert K.MacGregor1AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe main field of the study in this article is performance measurement in franchising companies. This paper aims at identifying what types of metrics international franchising companies use in order to measure the performance of their business operations. In the theoretical part, the viewpoints of several authors are briefly introduced showing that the current ways in which franchising systems measure their performance are very diverse, with many companies lacking a unified and systematic approach. On the other hand some authors mention and recommend the use of Balanced Scorecard as an appropriate performance measurement method. Therefore the purpose of this study is to analyze the reality and the current situation among franchising companies and to answer the question of what kind of methods do they use to measure performance and if they know and use the Balanced Scorecard in practice. Empirical research among international franchising systems on this topic was conducted by the author, as an e-mail and online questionnaire, finding out that performance measurement really is an area with various approaches differing from company to company, focusing mostly only on basic financial data in majority of companies. Second part of the research focused on the use of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) which has shown that this method is very rarely used in practice; however, many companies do recognize its benefits of evaluating both financial and non-financial perspectives. The research also has provided data verifying a hypothesis of difference in opinion on the potential use of the Balanced Scorecard method between franchising companies operating in services and retail. Service companies focus more on soft metrics such as customer satisfaction, customer value and employee satisfaction compared to those operating in retail; therefore they tend to be more open towards use and appreciation of the Balanced Scorecard method as a relevant performance measurement tool.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_06.pdf2013-09-306476VendulaMacháčková1AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe increasing popularity of social networks is constantly extending their influence, lately even to such specific fields as human resource management. The major part of the HR employees uses social networks for evaluating job applicants. This article provides a statistical analysis of quantitative data gathered from a targeted survey describing the current situation in social networks use among persons responsible for hiring new employees in the Czech Republic. The results obtained from this survey will be a subject of comparative analysis together with findings from the research study conducted in other developed countries serving as a benchmark. The overall results suggest that the influence of social networks on HR will further increase in the near future.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_07.pdf2013-09-307788TomášMartínek1AUTHORPetrHanzlík2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThis paper deals with the analysis of the regulatory framework of financial conglomerates in Europe. The term financial group is very often confused with the term financial conglomerate. We can say that the financial conglomerate is a financial group, but the reverse cannot be said. Financial conglomerate is defined by the Directive 2002/87/EC, but in 2011 there was a “redefinition” of the term and that of the new Directive 2011/89/EU. The new directive should improve the supplementary supervision of financial entities in a financial conglomerate. The analysis of regulatory framework of financial conglomerates in Europe is the aim of this paper. The first part is focused on the structure of financial conglomerates and system of risks from the perspective of regulated entities and non-regulated entities. In the main part (second) is analyzed calculation of capital adequacy in financial conglomerate.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_08.pdf2013-09-308996KarinaMužáková1AUTHORValihorová AndreaKobík2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThis paper deals with the political-economic relationships of the coalition governments in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The benefit of this paper is in its approach to testing the relationship of the political and economic characteristics in the whole region of Central and Eastern Europe, especially for coalition governments. This approach has rarely been applied in recent literature. We used panel regression with fixed effect. Data revealed that the level of the incumbent government’s majority in parliament is statistically significant and that the estimates showed a tendency of inflation to decrease by 0.22 percentage points in the case when the majority of the coalition increases by 1 percent. Single-party government and government with a minimal winning coalition (all parties in the government are necessary to form a majority in parliament) statistically significantly influenced the inflation even more and in comparison with other types of government, decrease the inflation by approximately 3 pp. There were also statistically significant estimates for public expenditure and economic growth. The inflation estimate increased in the case of an increase in public expenditure or an increase in economic growth in Central and Eastern European Countries. Both relationships are predictable. The number of political parties did not appear statistically significant in any of the tested models. The same situation appeared in the case of the variable concerning the prime minister belonging to the strongest political party in the coalition government.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_09.pdf2013-09-3097107OtoPotluka1AUTHORStanislavKlazar2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe problems of company competitiveness represent one of the most significant research streams nowadays. In spite of abundant theoretical output in this domain, the concept of company competitiveness and spatial systems brings about numerous controversies. In general, terms it may be defined as the ability to achieve success in the course of economic rivalry. From the perspective of tourism competitiveness, it can refer to enterprises, to a sector, a region and a country. It is understood as the skill of preparing such tourist offer, which distinguishes a particular enterprise, a region or a country at the background of others, and as the result stands the chance of attracting tourists and enhancing socio-economic benefits associated with tourism development. The objective of the paper is to present tourism competitiveness in Poland at the background of selected countries worldwide and the European Union, as well as attract attention to the role played by the EU funds in its construction.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_10.pdf2013-09-30108115AndrzejRapacz1AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe paper presents selected problems referring to investment attractiveness of regions. Its initial part discusses theoretical aspects of investment attractiveness determinants. Next the examples of determinants regarding regional investment attractiveness are listed. They are divided into six thematic groups of factors: economic, socio-cultural, political and administrative quality, technological and innovative, natural and image specific ones. The analysis of the report published by The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics, and referring to investment attractiveness of Polish regions, constitutes the core part of the paper. There are also presented e.g. the decisive factors influencing investment attractiveness of Polish regions including their characteristics, as well as the analysis of positions occupied by particular regions in terms of investment attractiveness in the recent eight years.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_11.pdf2013-09-30116127AndrzejRaszkowski1AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe article presents selected problems of customer satisfaction with the food quality on the basis of secondary and primary research and a brief outline of the current state of knowledge of the issues examined. Customer satisfaction is related to the quality of products. Customers have expectations that are influenced by their experience, advice, competition information and financial capabilities. The quality of food products has specific aspects and is currently in the centre of attention of the inspecting authority. The issue of the quality of food is extensive and may have different points of view. Realized secondary research focuses on selected problems of monitoring food quality on the Czech consumer market. Primary research checks up the customer satisfaction with food products on a selected sample of respondents with regard to their income level.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_12.pdf2013-09-30128138HalinaStarzyczná1AUTHORPavlaSýkorová2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEIn the dynamically developing market environment of today it is very difficult to do sucessful business and lead a firm towards long-term prosperity. Owners of firms are well aware of the necessity to incorporate tools using the concept of Internet social networks into business, promotion and communication equipment. Thanks to the development of modern technologies, the increase in the use and sharing of multimedia and never ending changes in purchase behaviour the utilization of social networks keeps increasing. The objective of this article is to analyse and define a specific behaviour of working people as users of online social networks, while focusing on the utilization for marketing purposes. The article’s beginning is dedicated to the theorethical basis and to the short introduction of online social networks. The practical part analyses data obtained on the basis of an executed questionairre survey, the definition of a specific use of social netoworks by working people and subsequently the statistical verification of two hypotheses via statistical formulas and corelation analysis. The conclusion sums up the entire issue, including the executed survey, with recommendations for how to use social networks for marketing purposes correctly.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_13.pdf2013-09-30139147JanaŠkoludová1AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe contribution responds to a problematic of knowledge workers and their management in the environment of social services, which has not been investigated much up to now. Post-communist period has opened room for new business opportunities, but it has also set up new challenges and new requirements in order to perform better form of meeting requirements and expectations of customers. In order to form preconditions for recruiting professional managers to cover all kinds of important positions in the organization and obtaining potential competitive advantages, it is necessary to compile efficient profile of a manger in social services and the manner of its sophisticated elaboration.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_14.pdf2013-09-30148158MiroslavŠpánik1AUTHORPavolBudaj2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe insurance industry is a dynamic industry that responds to all current changes in the environment in which it operates. These are, first, changes in economic conditions, but also there are changes in the character of insurability of risks. The insurance market is always changing and depending on these factors. For this reason the paper deals with the statistical analysis of the insurance market development through one of the basic indicators of insurance, in particular by gross written premium. The analysis of the insurance market covers the period 1995–2012, according to available information from the Czech National Bank.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_15.pdf2013-09-30159167LenkaŠtibrányiová1AUTHORKarinaMužáková2AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEWith regard to the globalization and integration trends within the EU, there have been significant changes in the development of financial markets. A strong and reliably functioning financial market is a prerequisite for healthy development of the economy of each country. Therefore, such a regulatory and supervisory framework should be developed that not only ensures its efficient functioning, transparency and stability, but also provides protection to investors, depositors and policyholders, who should have the option to choose from quality products. It is important to realize that the quality of functioning of financial markets and their stability is largely influenced by the quality of regulation and supervision. The question is whether the current EU regulatory measures are beneficial and what can be seen as weaknesses.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_16.pdf2013-09-30168177LenkaŠtibrányiová1AUTHORValihorová AndreaKobík2AUTHORIvaŠírová3AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe aim of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the current state of overqualification and underqualification in the EU countries and in the Czech Republic. There are steadily increasing numbers of education system graduates and persistent demand for education in the population. This leads to fears that the mismatch between jobs requirements and workforce qualifications will increase. Public educational policy seems to support this controversy. While numbers of enrolled students at secondary schools and public universities and consequently numbers of graduates are rising, there could be shortage of skilled level jobs in the future. The paper discusses various methods used to measure the level of education required for the job and the relevant theories (searching and matching, human capital theory, assignment theory etc.) that can be used for interpretation of overqualification. The last chapter analyses and evaluates current state of ovequalification in the EU countries and in the Czech Republic and deals with the empirical results of the impact of overqualification on earnings.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_17.pdf2013-09-30178191VáclavUrbánek1AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLECorporate accounting-based variables tend to mean-revert in the long run. This is particularly visible in the case of growth variables, such as sales growth or earnings-per-share (EPS) growth. Mean-reversion of earnings growth means that companies which in a given period report above-average / below-average growth tend to show significantly slower / faster pace of this growth in the following periods. In this paper we explore the phenomenon of reversion toward the mean of earnings-per-share growth of companies listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange in the period of 2001-2011. The research confirmed the strong tendency of EPS growth to revert toward the mean. The “super-fast” EPS growth tends to be both preceded and followed by below-average growth and the deep declines of earnings tend to be preceded and followed by above-average EPS growth.https://acc-ern.tul.cz/archiv/PDF/ACC_2013_2_18.pdf2013-09-30192200JacekWelc1AUTHORMohd NasirSamsulbahri2AUTHOR